Nations in defence of human rights

defence of human rights

 

 Answer:

      The purpose of the United Nations is to establish peace and security in the international arena.  Recognition of human rights is essential in the interests of world peace and security because peace cannot be established without recognition of the human rights and freedoms of all peoples of the world.  With this in mind, confidence in fundamental human rights has been established in the charter proposal.

      Confidence has been placed on the dignity and qualities of every human being.  The oath has been taken to establish equal rights for all, men and women, irrespective of caste and creed.

    The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations formed a Human Rights Commission in 1946, chaired by Elinnob Roosevelt, the wife of former the United States President Roosevelt.  After overcoming a difficult two-and-a-half-year debate, the commission finally drafted a universal draft in 1948.  48 ---- 0 This Declaration was adopted at the Paris Conference of the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10 of that year.  This day is being observed as World Human Rights Day as decided by the General Assembly.

     Article 30 of the Declaration adds major rights and fundamental freedoms.   and peace."  The Universal Declaration of Human Rights can be divided into two parts.  The rights included in the first part are largely political.  Articles 2 to 21 of the Declaration mention municipal and political rights.  Notable among the rights included in the first part is the right to life, liberty and personal security;  The right of movement and residence;  The right to end peacefully;  The right to form organizations;  The right to escape from arbitrary arrest and detention;  The right to a fair trial by an impartial court;  The right to privacy of correspondence;  Property rights;  The right to vote and to join the government;  Nationality rights etc.

    The rights mentioned in the second part of the Declaration are of socio-economic and cultural nature.  Articles 22 to 27 of the Declaration mention all these rights.  Notable rights include the right to work and a decent standard of living;  The right to social security and the right to retire; the Right to education;  The right to participate in cultural life;  Equality in government employment; the Right to health etc.

   In addition to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has adopted several other human rights declarations, such as 1) Declaration of the Rights of the Child 2) Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 3) Declaration on Territorial 4) Declaration on Social Progress and Development 5) Declaration on the Rights of the Mentally Handicapped.

 UN initiatives to implement the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

         The Commonwealth did not end its responsibility with the Declaration of Human Rights.  The Commonwealth has also taken many initiatives to make this declaration meaningful.  The United Nations has organized human rights discussion circles and international conferences in different parts of the world.  In many cases, the United Nations has held extensive discussions on allegations of human rights abuses and condemned states that have not taken appropriate measures to protect human rights.  The General Assembly appointed a fact-finding committee to gather information on allegations of human rights abuses in South Africa, Israel and Hungary.  The Security Council intervened when human rights violations were found to be contrary to world peace.  The Security Council adopted a resolution in 1966 condemning Rhodesia's human rights record.

      The UN Secretariat has a complaint regarding human rights.  The Secretariat conducts work related to human rights through this department.  Arranges for the preparation and publication of a calendar on the human rights of the nations.  The United Nations has taken steps to provide consultative assistance on human rights.  The Human Rights Commission formed a sub-commission to prevent discriminatory measures and to protect the rights of minorities.

          Moreover, the Commonwealth has tried to protect human rights by convening various conferences, forming commissions and approving proposals on the prevention of conspiracies to abolish the existence of any nation, political asylum, workers' rights, abolition of slavery, protection of the status of women prisoners of war.  All sub-commissions of the Human Rights Commission have surveyed discriminatory practices in the implementation of education, religious rights, and justice.  An agreement on inequality in education was adopted by UNESCO in 1960 by the Sub-Commission.

   In 1956, the Economic and Social Council instructed member states to send reports every three years on the development and progress of human rights in their countries.  In 1966 an international conference was convened to eradicate all forms of apartheid.  Since the beginning of the Commonwealth, there have been allegations of human rights violations in South Africa, Namibia, Rhodesia, etc.  The sub-commission has investigated and investigated these matters.

    An international conference on human rights was held in Vienna in June 1913 at the initiative of the United Nations.  The conference pledged to make a universal declaration on human rights.  Appeals were made to stop racism, illegal arrests, torture and racial discrimination.  However, the conference did not add any new dimensions to the protection of human rights due to the heated debate and differences among the participating countries.

   Evaluation:

     The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights aroused great hope among the oppressed people of the world.  The United Nations has also taken steps to implement the declared rights.  Nevertheless, the protection of human rights has not been as successful as expected.  The reasons for this failure are as follows:

 1) Lack of legal obligation: -

       There is no legal obligation to comply with or enforce human rights.  Therefore, according to Nicholas and other authors, the human rights mentioned in the Declaration have no real value.  There is no system to enforce human rights.  No legal obligations have been placed on member states to enforce human rights.

 2) Cold War: -

      According to many, very few countries in the world have recognized and protected human rights and fundamental freedoms.  Many blame the "cold war" in the international arena for this failure to establish human rights.

 3) Failure of nations: -

       Human rights violations have taken place and are still taking place in different parts of the world.  The human rights of blacks in South Africa have been trampled underfoot, racism has been pursued in Namibia, and the United States, France, and England have long supported racism.  In all these cases the Commonwealth could not take any effective action.  The indiscriminate killing of people of Indian descent began in Sri Lanka.  In this case, too, the nations fail to play a meaningful role.  According to some critics, the main flaw of the Commonwealth is the lack of specific trials and tribunals, which led to the proposal to appoint a High Commissioner to oversee human rights.  However, due to the obstruction of many states, this proposal could not be implemented.

 4) Error of Section 2 (7) of the Charter: -

       Some blame Article 2 (7) of the Charter as one of the reasons for the failure of the United Nations in human rights matters.  According to this section, the nations cannot interfere in the internal affairs of any state.  Naturally accused states may resort to Article 2 (7) of the Charter for human rights violations.  Another flaw is that the UN Charter does not give any person the right or opportunity to apply directly to the UN for the preservation or restoration of his or her infringed rights.

 5) Error in executing the decision: -

       It is not enough to call some conventions or declarations in the name of protection of human rights, it is also necessary to show that those conventions or declarations are implemented.  But here is the weakness of the nations.  In 1956, the Economic and Social Council instructed members to report on the implementation of human rights in their respective countries every three years.  But it turned out that the report did not contain special information.  No action was taken based on that report.  A 1973 proposal called for a working group to investigate the allegations.  But this method did not work.  In many cases, the working group has reported to the sub-commissions but the sub-commissions have not taken any action.  Sometimes sub-commissions report to the Human Rights Commission.  But even then in most cases, no action was taken.

 Conclusion: -

       The nations have indeed failed miserably in protecting human rights;  It is also true that the nations should be more active in this regard.  But it must be remembered that a united nation is a world conscience.  No country in the world will be able to suppress this initiative of the United Nations for a long time as it has the support of the world behind the initiative of establishing human rights.  Oppressed people must be liberated from the clutches of the oppressor.